Containers

Docker essentially established container-based workflows in the enterprise although containers did exist before. A reason for its success is the smart image and container layering and the ease of creating containers through Dockerfiles that created a huge repository of images in the public Docker Hub. Docker (the company) also offered a distributed orchestration solution named Swarm that was sold to Mirantis. For single node orchestration there's the Docker Compose format with the corresponding tool that enables to assemble stacks of container-based services.

Lightweight container runtime for Kubernetes.

Kata Containers is a container runtime welded to a lightweight VM for a more secure container runtime.

LXC is the classic implementation of container technologies (cgroups, namespaces ..). LXD is essentially the same but with an easier to use commandline frontend.